I believe these verses go beyond the world we see. Verse 11 does say "people" but if you look at verse 12 it says "for in the same way THEY persecuted the prophets who were before you." Why would "they" persecute us as they did the prophets of long ago?
I believe the "they" Jesus is talking about is the demons of the spiritual realm. Jesus said "as they did the PROPHETS..." Why would we also be persecuted as the prophets were? He did not say "as they did the Jews" or "as they did the kings." Jesus said "prophets." Because when we live our lives according to God's will others will hear the message "Repent! For the kingdom of Heaven is at hand!" We are prophesying by our very lives.
Our lives are under constant scrutiny from the world. But even when we are not under direct persecution from the world we are in a constant war with Satan and his demons. Yes, Satan and his demons readily use humans as a way to persecute us but he also uses other means, ie. sickness, disease, world disasters, etc. by which to persecute us.
We WILL be persecuted for simply being a child of God. But we will bring on more persecution if we actively follow God and do His will.
I agree with Tabatha if you are not feeling persecuted in some way then you need to move from where you are. God never intended for us to be comfortable in this world. He intended for us to be constantly moving. And hopefully that moving will be in the direction of Him.
I believe God allows those who are being persecuted for righteousness to inherit the kingdom of Heaven because they are already suffering hell on earth. Dr. David Jeremiah once said, "For Christians, this world is our hell. For the lost, this world is their Heaven."